he was operated on for cancer

1) (to act or work: The sewing-machine isn't operating properly.) funcionar

2) (to do or perform a surgical operation: The surgeon operated on her for appendicitis.) operar, intervenir

•

- operation

operate vb

1. manejar / funcionar

2. operar

El gerundio de operate se escribe operating

tr['ɒpəreɪt]

transitive verb

1 (machine etc) hacer funcionar, manejar, operar; (controls) manejar, accionar

2 (manage, run - business) dirigir, manejar, llevar; (- factory) explotar

3 (system, method, policy) aplicar

intransitive verb

1 (function - machine etc) funcionar

■ the security system operates well el sistema de seguridad funciona bien

2 (carry on trade) operar; (work) trabajar

■ a Sunday service will operate over the Christmas holidays habrá un servicio dominical durante las fiestas de Navidad

3 (produce effect, be in action) actuar, obrar

■ this law operates against in our favour esta ley está a nuestro favor

4 (soldiers, police, etc) operar

■ police patrols operate in this area patrullas de policía operan en esta zona

5 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL operar (on, a), intervenir (on, a)

■ he's being operated on now lo están operando ahora

■ she was operated on for cancer la operaron de cáncer

operate ['ɑpə.reɪt] v, - ated ; - ating vi

1) act, function: operar, funcionar, actuar

to operate on (someone) : operar a (alguien)

operate vt

1) work: operar, manejar, hacer funcionar (una máquina)

2) manage: manejar, administrar (un negocio)

• accionar v.

• actuar v.

• dirigir v.

• efectuar v.

• funcionar v.

• impulsar v.

• manejar v.

• obrar v.

• operar v.

• producir v.

(§pres: produzco, produces...) pret: produj-•)

1) \<\<machine/mechanism\>\> funcionar

2)

a) ( act)

b) ( be applicable) \<\<rules/laws\>\> regir*

3) ( pursue one's business) \<\<company/airline/gang\>\> operar

4) ( Med) operar, intervenir* (frml)

1) \<\<machine\>\> manejar, operar; \<\<controls\>\> manejar, accionar

2) \<\<policy/system\>\> aplicar*, tener*

3) (manage, run)

1. VT

1) (=work) [+ machine, vehicle, switchboard] manejar; [+ switch, lever] accionar

2) (=run, manage) [+ company] dirigir; [+ service] ofrecer; [+ system] aplicar; [+ mine, oil well, quarry] explotar

2. VI

1) (=function) [machine, system, principle, mind] funcionar; [person] actuar, obrar; [law] regir

2) (=act, influence) [drug, propaganda] actuar (on sobre); [factors] intervenir

3) (=carry on one's business) [person] trabajar; [company, factory, criminal, service] operar; [airport] funcionar

4) (Med) operar

* * *

1) \<\<machine/mechanism\>\> funcionar

2)

a) ( act)

b) ( be applicable) \<\<rules/laws\>\> regir*

3) ( pursue one's business) \<\<company/airline/gang\>\> operar

4) ( Med) operar, intervenir* (frml)

1) \<\<machine\>\> manejar, operar; \<\<controls\>\> manejar, accionar

2) \<\<policy/system\>\> aplicar*, tener*

3) (manage, run)

operate ['ɒpəreɪt]

1 transitive verb

(a) (machine, device) faire fonctionner, faire marcher;

∎ my husband doesn't even know how to operate the toaster! mon mari ne sait même pas se servir du grille-pain!;

∎ is it possible to operate the radio off the mains? peut-on brancher cette radio sur le secteur?;

∎ this clock is battery-operated cette horloge fonctionne avec des piles;

∎ a circuit-breaker operates the safety mechanism un disjoncteur actionne ou déclenche le système de sécurité

(b) (business) gérer, diriger; (mine) exploiter; (drug ring) contrôler;

∎ they operate several casinos ils tiennent plusieurs casinos;

∎ she operates her business from her home elle fait marcher son affaire depuis son domicile;

∎ they operate a protection racket in the neighbourhood ils rackettent les gens du quartier;

∎ they operate a system of rent rebates for poorer families ils ont un système de loyers modérés pour les familles les plus démunies

2 intransitive verb

(a) (machine, device) marcher, fonctionner; (system, process, network) fonctionner;

∎ it operates by itself ça fonctionne tout seul;

∎ this is how colonialism operates voici comment fonctionne le colonialisme;

∎ the factory is operating at full capacity l'usine tourne à plein rendement

(b) Medicine opérer;

∎ to operate on sb (for sth) opérer qn (de qch);

∎ he was operated on for cancer on l'a opéré ou il a été opéré d'un cancer;

∎ we'll have to operate il va falloir opérer

(c) (be active) opérer;

∎ military patrols operate along the border des patrouilles militaires opèrent le long de la frontière;

∎ many crooks operate in this part of town de nombreux malfaiteurs sévissent dans ce quartier;

∎ the company operates out of Chicago le siège de la société est à Chicago;

∎ the company operates in ten countries la société est implantée dans dix pays

(d) (produce an effect) opérer, agir;

∎ the drug operates on the nervous system le médicament agit sur le système nerveux;

∎ the decision has operated against us la décision a joué contre nous;

∎ two elements operate in our favour deux éléments jouent en notre faveur

(e) (be operative) s'appliquer;

∎ the rule doesn't operate in such cases la règle ne s'applique pas à de tels cas;

∎ the wage increase will operate from 1 January l'augmentation des salaires prendra effet à partir du 1er janvier

= where does it hurt?

Pour traduire avoir mal à, l’anglais utilise un possessif devant le nom de la partie du corps (alors que le français a un article défini), et un verbe qui peut être hurt ou ache ( faire mal). hurt est toujours possible:

= his leg hurts

= his leg hurts

= his back hurts

= his eyes hurt

= his ears hurt

ache est utilisé avec les membres, les articulations, la tête, les dents et les oreilles:

= his arm aches

On peut aussi traduire par have a pain in:

= he has a pain in his leg

Pour quelques parties du corps, l’anglais utilise un composé avec -ache:

= to have toothache

= to have backache

= to have earache

= to have stomachache

= to have a headache (noter l’article indéfini)

= he feels sick

= he has backache

Là où le français a des formes pronominales (se faire mal à etc.) avec l’article défini, l’anglais utilise des verbes transitifs, avec des adjectifs possessifs:

= he broke his leg

= he hurt his foot

= his leg was broken

Le français avoir le X fragile peut se traduire par to have something wrong with one’s X ou to have X trouble:

= to have something wrong with one’s heart ou to have heart trouble

= to have something wrong with one’s kidneys ou to have kidney trouble

Pour certaines parties du corps (le cœur, les chevilles), on peut aussi utiliser l’adjectif weak:

= to have a weak heart

= to have flu

= to have cancer

= to have hepatitis

= to have asthma

= to have mumps

= to be in bed with flu

= to recover from flu

= to die of cholera

= to have cancer of the liver

Mais:

= to have a stomach ulcer

Et attention à a cold ( un rhume), qui n’est pas vraiment une maladie:

= to have a cold

= to have asthma ou to be asthmatic

= to have epilepsy ou to be epileptic

= to have rickets

= someone with malaria

= someone with cancer

= people with Aids

Les gens qui se font soigner pour une maladie sont désignés par a X patient:

= a cancer patient

Le français attraper se traduit par to get ou to catch.

= to get flu ou to catch flu

= to get bronchitis ou to catch bronchitis

Mais get est utilisable aussi pour ce qui n’est pas infectieux:

= to get a stomach ulcer

Avoir peut se traduire par develop lorsqu’il s’agit de l’apparition progressive d’une maladie:

= to develop cancer

= to develop an ulcer

Pour une crise passagère, et qui peut se reproduire, on traduira avoir un/une... par to have an attack of…ou a bout of…:

= to have an asthma attack

= to have an attack of bronchitis

= to have a bout of malaria

= to have an epileptic fit

Le français contre ne se traduit pas toujours par against.

= to take something for hay fever

= to be taking something for a cough

= to prescribe something for a cough

= malaria tablets

= to have a flu injection

= to give sb a tetanus injection

= to have a cholera vaccination

= a flu vaccine ou an anti-flu vaccine

= to take something for flu

Noter l’utilisation de la préposition anglaise on avec le verbe operate:

= to be operated on for cancer

= the surgeon operated on him for cancer

opérer [ɔpeʀe]

➭ TABLE 6

1. transitive verb

   a. [+ malade, organe] to operate on (de for ) ; [+ tumeur] to remove

• opérer qn de l'appendicite to remove sb's appendix

• se faire opérer to have an operation

   b. ( = exécuter) to make ; [+ transformation, réforme] to carry out

• un changement considérable s'était opéré a major change had taken place

2. intransitive verb

[remède, charme] to work ; [photographe, technicien] to proceed

• les cambrioleurs qui opèrent dans cette région the burglars who work this area

* * *

1) Médecine to operate on [malade, organe]

2) ( effectuer) to make [choix, changement, distinction]; to carry out [restructuration]

3) ( produire) to bring about [changement]

verbe intransitif

1) Médecine to operate

2) ( avoir un effet) [remède, charme] to work ( sur on)

3) ( procéder) to proceed

4) ( mener des activités) [voleur] to operate

s'opérer verbe pronominal ( se produire) to take place

* * *

1. vt

1) MÉDECINE to operate on

2) (= faire, effectuer) [changements] to make

2. vi

1) (= faire effet) [remède, charme, magie] to work

2) (= procéder) to proceed

3) MÉDECINE to operate

4) (= œuvrer, travailler) [gang] to operate

* * *

opérer verb table: céder

A vtr

1 Méd to operate on [malade, organe]; opérer qn du genou/foie to operate on sb's knee/liver; opérer qn d'un kyste/d'une tumeur to operate on sb to remove a cyst/a tumour^GB; opérer qn d'un cancer à la gorge to operate on sb for cancer of the throat; opérer qn des amygdales/de l'appendicite to remove sb's tonsils/appendix; il faut l'opérer he/she needs surgery ou an operation; se faire opérer to have an operation, to have surgery; on l'a opéré du cœur/foie he's had a heart/liver operation; il s'est fait opérer de l'appendicite he's had his appendix out;

2 ( effectuer) to make [choix, changement, distinction]; to carry out [redistribution, restructuration];

3 ( produire) to bring about [changement]; opérer des miracles [personne] to work ou perform miracles; [remède] to work wonders.

B vi

1 Méd to operate; il faut opérer an operation is necessary;

2 ( avoir un effet) [remède, charme] to work (sur on);

3 ( procéder) to proceed; comment allons-nous opérer? how are we going to proceed?, how are we going to go about it?; leur façon d'opérer the way they go about things;

4 ( mener des activités) [voleur] to operate.

C s'opérer vpr ( se produire) to take place.

[ɔpere] verbe transitif

1. MÉDECINE [blessé, malade] to operate on

2. [procéder à - modification] to carry out (separable) ; [ - miracle, retour en arrière] to bring about (separable) ; [ - paiement] to make

3. MILITAIRE [retraite] to effect

————————

[ɔpere] verbe intransitif

1. [faire effet] to work

2. [intervenir] to act, to operate

————————

s'opérer verbe pronominal (emploi passif)

ce genre de lésion ne s'opère pas this type of lesion can't be operated on

————————

s'opérer verbe pronominal intransitif

une transformation s'opéra en elle she underwent a transformation

= où est-ce que ça vous fait mal? or (more formally) où avez-vous mal?

= sa jambe lui fait mal

( Do not confuse faire mal à qn with the phrase faire du mal à qn, which means to harm sb.)

= il a mal à la jambe

Note that with avoir mal à French uses the definite article (la) with the part of the body, where English has a possessive (his), hence:

= il avait mal à la tête

English has other ways of expressing this idea, but avoir mal à fits them too:

= il avait mal aux dents

= il avait mal aux oreilles

= elle s’est cassé la jambe

Elle s’est cassé la jambe means literally she broke to herself the leg ; because the se is an indirect object, the past participle cassé does not agree. This is true of all such constructions:

= elle s’est foulé la cheville

= ils se sont brûlé les mains

Note that the French often use fragile (weak) to express a chronic condition:

= il a le cœur fragile

= il a les reins fragiles

= il a le dos fragile

Mostly French uses the definite article with the name of an illness:

= avoir la grippe

= avoir la rougeole

= avoir la malaria

This applies to most infectious diseases, including childhood illnesses. However, note the exceptions ending in -ite (e.g. une hépatite, une méningite) below.

When the illness affects a specific part of the body, French uses the indefinite article:

= avoir un cancer

= avoir un cancer du foie

= avoir une pneumonie

= avoir une cirrhose

= avoir un ulcère à l’estomac

Most words in -ite ( English -itis) work like this:

= avoir une bronchite

= avoir une hépatite

When the illness is a generalized condition, French tends to use du, de l’, de la or des:

= avoir des rhumatismes

= avoir de l’emphysème

= avoir de l’asthme

= avoir de l’arthrite

= avoir le rhume des foins

When there is an adjective for such conditions, this is often preferred in French:

= être asthmatique

= être épileptique

Such adjectives can be used as nouns to denote the person with the illness, e.g. un/une asthmatique and un/une épileptique etc.

French has other specific words for people with certain illnesses:

= un cancéreux/une cancéreuse

English with is translated by qui a or qui ont, and this is always safe:

= quelqu’un qui a la malaria

= les gens qui ont le Sida

French has no general equivalent of to get. However, where English can use catch, French can use attraper:

= attraper les oreillons

= attraper la malaria

= attraper une bronchite

= attraper un rhume

Similarly where English uses contract, French uses contracter:

= contracter le Sida

= contracter une pneumonie

= contracter une hépatite

For attacks of chronic illnesses, French uses faire une crise de:

= faire une crise de malaria

= faire une crise d’asthme

= faire une crise d’épilepsie

= se faire soigner contre la polio

= prendre quelque chose contre le rhume des foins

= il prend quelque chose contre la toux

= prescrire un médicament contre la toux

= des cachets contre la malaria

= se faire vacciner contre le choléra

= se faire vacciner contre la variole

= se faire immuniser contre la variole

= se faire vacciner contre le tétanos

= vacciner qn contre le tétanos

= être opéré d’un cancer

= opérer qn de l’appendicite

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.

[br]

1 to bring about, to produce (cambio).

Esto operará un gran cambio This will bring about a great change.

2 to operate.

El motor opera bien The motor runs well.

El doctor opera por la mañana The doctor operates in the morning.

3 to operate on.

Un gran cirujano opera a Ricardo A great surgeon operates on Richard.

4 to manage, to direct, to operate.

Operar la empresa Manage the company

5 to conduct business, to do business.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 MEDICINA to operate (a, on)

■ ¿quién te operó? who operated on you?

2 (producir) to bring about

► verbo intransitivo

1 (actuar) to operate

2 (negociar) to deal ( con, with)

► verbo pronominal operarse

1 MEDICINA to have an operation

■ se ha operado del corazón he has had a heart operation

2 (producirse) to come about

■ se han operado grandes cambios en el país the country has undergone many changes

* * *

- operarse

* * *

1. VT

1) (=producir) [+ cambio] to produce, bring about; [+ cura] to effect; [+ milagro] to work

2) (Med) [+ paciente] to operate on

3) [+ máquina] to operate, use

4) (=dirigir) [+ negocio] to manage, run; [+ mina] to work, exploit

2. VI

1) (tb Mat) to operate

2) (Com) to deal, do business

operarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) (Med) to operate on

2) (frml) <cambio/transformación> to produce, bring about

3) (Méx) < máquina> to operate

1)

a) (Mat) to operate

b) (Med) to operate

2) (frml) (funcionar, actuar) to operate

3) (frml) ( negociar) to deal, do business

operarse v pron

1) (Med) (caus) to have an operation

2) (frml) cambio/transformación to take place

* * *

= operate, perform + surgery.

Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex. The Philippines is renowned for its faith healers, who often perform surgery without knives.

----

* operarse = go under + the knife.

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) (Med) to operate on

2) (frml) <cambio/transformación> to produce, bring about

3) (Méx) < máquina> to operate

1)

a) (Mat) to operate

b) (Med) to operate

2) (frml) (funcionar, actuar) to operate

3) (frml) ( negociar) to deal, do business

operarse v pron

1) (Med) (caus) to have an operation

2) (frml) cambio/transformación to take place

* * *

* * *

operar [A1 ]

A ( Med) to operate on

la tuvieron que operar de urgencia she had to have an emergency operation

me van a operar de la vesícula I'm having a gallbladder operation

lo operaron de apendicitis he had his appendix taken out

B ( frml); ‹cambio/transformación› to produce, bring about

C (Chi, Méx) ‹máquina› to operate

A ( Med) to operate

B ( frml) (funcionar, actuar) to operate

la protección no operará hasta que el asegurado haya pagado la prima cover will not become effective until the insured party has paid the premium

este vuelo operará todos los martes y jueves this flight will operate every Tuesday and Thursday

las tropas que operan en la frontera the troops operating along the border

C ( frml) (negociar) to deal, do business

D ( Mat) to operate

A ( Med) ( caus) to have an operation operarse DE algo:

tiene que operarse del corazón he has to have a heart operation

B ( frml); «cambio/transformación» to take place

* * *

◊ me van a operar de la vesícula I'm having a gallbladder operation;

a) (Med) to operate

b) (frml) [servicio/vuelo] to operate

◊ operarse del corazón to have a heart operation

* * *

♦ vt

1. [enfermo]

ese es el médico que la operó that's the surgeon who operated on her;

casi me tienen que operar de urgencia I almost needed an emergency operation;

lo operaron del hígado he had a liver operation;

la han operado de cáncer de pecho she's had an operation for breast cancer;

de pequeño lo operaron de las amígdalas he had his tonsils removed when he was a child

2. [cambio] to bring about, to produce

3. Am [máquina] to operate

♦ vi

1. [realizar una actividad] to operate;

el ladrón operaba en esta zona the thief operated in this area;

el técnico operó con gran precisión the technician operated o worked with great precision

2. Com & Fin to deal

3. Mat to operate

4. Mil to operate

♦ See also the pronominal verb operarse

* * *

I v/t

1 MED operate on

2 cambio bring about

3 L.Am.

manejar operate

II v/i

1 operate

2 COM do business ( con with)

* * *

operar vt

1) : to produce, to bring about

2) intervenir: to operate on

3) Mex : to operate, to run (a machine)

operar vi

1) : to operate, to function

2) : to deal, to do business

♦ See also the reflexive verb operarse

* * *

operar vb to operate